UFOpaedia - User contributions [en]

Damage formula (OXCE)

2019-04-27T20:31:59Z

Surestrike:

OXCE and mod scripts have greatly expanded the capabilities of weapons, items and armor. So here is a detailed breakdown of what happens when a weapon hits an enemy. Variable names are taken from the Ruleset or applicable Script or otherwise are ALL-CAPS.

== Lethal ranged single target ==

The power of an attack is the sum of the base power ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Power_and_Damage_types|''power'']]) of the weapon, and the bonus power ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Power_and_Damage_types|''damageBonus'']]) which depends on the weapon and can also depend on the stats of the user. This sum is then randomized depending on the weapon ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomType'']]) but is typically 0%-200%.

'' GROSS POWER = (power + damageBonus) x RNG(0%, 200%) ''

The power can get weaker past a certain distance ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Waypoints.2C_Shotguns.2C_Range_Limits_and_Accuracy.2FPower_Dropoff|''powerRangeThreshold'']]) in which case damage is reduced by an amount ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Waypoints.2C_Shotguns.2C_Range_Limits_and_Accuracy.2FPower_Dropoff|''powerRangeReduction'']]) for every tile beyond that distance. The reduced power can't go negative and heal the target. '''TBD: can there be negative range reduction, i.e. power increases with distance? Is range damage reduction applied before or after randomType? '''

'' RANGE REDUCED POWER = GROSS POWER - LIMIT_LOWER(0, RANGE - powerRangeThreshold) x powerRangeReduction ''

[Yankes Scripts] For each projectile that hits, energy shields are taken into account in the following sequence regardless of hit direction: left-hand energy shield item, right-hand energy shield item, armor energy shield. Each shield has a separate pool of hit points (''shieldHp'') that is reduced by the power they absorb modified by a resistance factor depending on damage type (''shieldResistCoeff''). Once all shields are depleted any power remaining keeps going. As usual a lower resistance coefficient is more effective, but a value of zero means the shield is bypassed undamaged.

'' E-SHIELD DAMAGE = RANGE REDUCED POWER x shieldResistCoeff / 100 ''
'' POWER THROUGH E-SHIELDS = RANGE REDUCED POWER - shieldHp * 100 / shieldResistCoeff ''

[Yankes Scripts] Physical shield items come after energy shields, but only one shield will have any effect and the left-hand takes priority over the right-hand. Physical shields do not take damage and cannot be destroyed, but have 50% effectiveness from the sides, 25% from below, and 0% from the rear. They reduce power by their armor value (''shieldArmor'') modified by a resistance factor depending on damage type (''shieldResistCoeff''). Once again a resistance of zero means the shield is bypassed.

'' POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS = POWER THROUGH E-SHIELDS - shieldArmor * 100 / shieldResistCoeff x SIDE COEFFICIENT ''

Then armor pre-damage is applied to the side of the armor that was hit. Power is multiplied by a factor ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ToArmorPre'']]) and then randomized from 0-100% depending on a flag ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomArmorPre'']]). Default armor pre-damage is 0%. '''TBD: check if armor pre-damage comes before or after shields.'''

'' ARMOR PRE-DAMAGE = POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS x ToArmorPre x IF(RandomArmorPre, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''

Armor provides a final layer of protection. The remaining power is multiplied by a resistance factor depending on damage type ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Armor|''damageModifier'']]) and then reduced by the current armor value of the side that was hit ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Armor|''frontArmor'', ''sideArmor'', ''sideArmor + leftArmorDiff'', ''rearArmor'', ''underArmor'']]) modified by the weapons armor effectiveness ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ArmorEffectiveness'']]).

'' NET POWER = POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS x damageModifier - facingArmor x ArmorEffectiveness ''

Finally damage is applied independently to each of the target unit stats. Power is multiplied by the weapons damage factor ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ToArmor, ToHealth, ToStun, ToTime, ToEnergy, ToMorale'']]) and then randomized from 0-100% depending on a flag ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomArmor, RandomHealth, RandomStun, RandomTime, RandomEnergy, RandomMorale'']]). By default damage factors are 10% for armor, 100% for health, 25% for stun, 100% for wounds and 0% for the rest, and random flags are only true for stun and wounds.

'' ARMOR DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToArmor x IF(RandomArmor, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''
'' HEALTH DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToHealth x IF(RandomHealth, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''
'' STUN DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToStun x IF(RandomStun, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''
'' TU DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToTime x IF(RandomTime, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''
'' ENERGY DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToEnergy x IF(RandomEnergy, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''
'' MORALE DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToMorale x IF(RandomMorale, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''
'' Wounds are a special case. ''

If the target suffered any health damage then they will also suffer morale damage unless the weapon has a flag against it ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''IgnoreNormalMoraleLose'']]).

'' EXTRA MORALE DAMAGE = HEALTH DAMAGE x (110 - Bravery) / 100 ''

== Area of effect ==

== Melee ==

Damage formula (OXCE)

2019-04-27T20:26:13Z

Surestrike:

OXCE and mod scripts have greatly expanded the capabilities of weapons, items and armor. So here is a detailed breakdown of what happens when a weapon hits an enemy. Variable names are taken from the Ruleset or applicable Script or otherwise are ALL-CAPS.

== Lethal ranged single target ==

The power of an attack is the sum of the base power ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Power_and_Damage_types|''power'']]) of the weapon, and the bonus power ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Power_and_Damage_types|''damageBonus'']]) which depends on the weapon and can also depend on the stats of the user. This sum is then randomized depending on the weapon ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomType'']]) but is typically 0%-200%.

'' GROSS POWER = (power + damageBonus) x RNG(0%, 200%) ''

The power can get weaker past a certain distance ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Waypoints.2C_Shotguns.2C_Range_Limits_and_Accuracy.2FPower_Dropoff|''powerRangeThreshold'']]) in which case damage is reduced by an amount ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Waypoints.2C_Shotguns.2C_Range_Limits_and_Accuracy.2FPower_Dropoff|''powerRangeReduction'']]) for every tile beyond that distance. The reduced power can't go negative and heal the target. '''TBD: can there be negative range reduction, i.e. power increases with distance? Is range damage reduction applied before or after randomType? '''

'' RANGE REDUCED POWER = GROSS POWER - LIMIT_LOWER(0, RANGE - powerRangeThreshold) x powerRangeReduction ''

[Yankes Scripts] For each projectile that hits, energy shields are taken into account in the following sequence regardless of hit direction: left-hand energy shield item, right-hand energy shield item, armor energy shield. Each shield has a separate pool of hit points (''shieldHp'') that is reduced by the power they absorb modified by a resistance factor depending on damage type (''shieldResistCoeff''). Once all shields are depleted any power remaining keeps going. As usual a lower resistance coefficient is more effective, but a value of zero means the shield is bypassed undamaged.

'' E-SHIELD DAMAGE = RANGE REDUCED POWER x shieldResistCoeff / 100 ''
'' POWER THROUGH E-SHIELDS = RANGE REDUCED POWER - shieldHp * 100 / shieldResistCoeff ''

[Yankes Scripts] Physical shield items come after energy shields, but only one shield will have any effect and the left-hand takes priority over the right-hand. Physical shields do not take damage and cannot be destroyed, but have 50% effectiveness from the sides, 25% from below, and 0% from the rear. They reduce power by their armor value (''shieldArmor'') modified by a resistance factor depending on damage type (''shieldResistCoeff''). Once again a resistance of zero means the shield is bypassed.

'' POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS = POWER THROUGH E-SHIELDS - shieldArmor * 100 / shieldResistCoeff x SIDE COEFFICIENT ''

Then armor pre-damage is applied to the side of the armor that was hit. Power is multiplied by a factor ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ToArmorPre'']]) and then randomized from 0-100% depending on a flag ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomArmorPre'']]). '''TBD: check if armor pre-damage comes before or after shields.'''

'' ARMOR PRE-DAMAGE = POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS x ToArmorPre x IF(RandomArmorPre, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''

Armor provides a final layer of protection. The remaining power is multiplied by a resistance factor depending on damage type ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Armor|''damageModifier'']]) and then reduced by the current armor value of the side that was hit ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Armor|''frontArmor'', ''sideArmor'', ''sideArmor + leftArmorDiff'', ''rearArmor'', ''underArmor'']]) modified by the weapons armor effectiveness ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ArmorEffectiveness'']]).

'' NET POWER = POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS x damageModifier - facingArmor x ArmorEffectiveness ''

Finally damage is applied independently to each of the target unit stats. Power is multiplied by the weapons damage factor ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ToArmor, ToHealth, ToStun, ToTime, ToEnergy, ToMorale'']]) and then randomized from 0-100% depending on a flag ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomArmor, RandomHealth, RandomStun, RandomTime, RandomEnergy, RandomMorale'']]).

'' ARMOR DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToArmor x IF(RandomArmor, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''
'' HEALTH DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToHealth x IF(RandomHealth, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''
'' STUN DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToStun x IF(RandomStun, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''
'' TU DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToTime x IF(RandomTime, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''
'' ENERGY DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToEnergy x IF(RandomEnergy, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''
'' MORALE DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToMorale x IF(RandomMorale, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''
'' Wounds are a special case. ''

If the target suffered any health damage then they will also suffer morale damage unless the weapon has a flag not to ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''IgnoreNormalMoraleLose'']]).

'' EXTRA MORALE DAMAGE = HEALTH DAMAGE x (110 - Bravery) / 100 ''

== Area of effect ==

== Melee ==

Damage formula (OXCE)

2019-04-27T20:00:20Z

Surestrike:

OXCE and mod scripts have greatly expanded the capabilities of weapons, items and armor. So here is a detailed breakdown of what happens when a weapon hits an enemy. Variable names are taken from the Ruleset or applicable Script or otherwise are ALL-CAPS.

== Lethal ranged single target ==

The power of an attack is the sum of the base power ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Power_and_Damage_types|''power'']]) of the weapon, and the bonus power ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Power_and_Damage_types|''damageBonus'']]) which depends on the weapon and usually the user too. This sum is then randomized depending on the weapon ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomType'']]) but is usually in the range 0%-200%.

'' GROSS POWER = (power + damageBonus) x RNG(0%, 200%) ''

A shot can get weaker past a certain distance ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Waypoints.2C_Shotguns.2C_Range_Limits_and_Accuracy.2FPower_Dropoff|''powerRangeThreshold'']]) in which case damage is reduced by an amount ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Waypoints.2C_Shotguns.2C_Range_Limits_and_Accuracy.2FPower_Dropoff|''powerRangeReduction'']]) for every tile beyond that distance. The reduced can't be negative and won't heal the target. '''TBD: can there be negative range reduction, i.e. power increases with distance? Is range damage reduction applied before or after randomType? '''

'' RANGE REDUCED POWER = GROSS POWER - LIMIT_LOWER(0, RANGE - powerRangeThreshold) x powerRangeReduction ''

[Yankes Scripts] For each projectile that hits, energy shields are taken into account in the following sequence regardless of hit direction: left-hand energy shield item, right-hand energy shield item, armor energy shield. Each shield has a separate pool of hit points (''shieldHp'') that is reduced by the power they absorb modified by a resistance factor depending on damage type (''shieldResistCoeff''). Once all shields are depleted any power remaining keeps going. As usual a lower resistance coefficient is more effective, but a value of zero means the shield is bypassed undamaged.

'' E-SHIELD DAMAGE = RANGE REDUCED POWER x shieldResistCoeff / 100 ''
'' POWER THROUGH E-SHIELDS = RANGE REDUCED POWER - shieldHp * 100 / shieldResistCoeff ''

[Yankes Scripts] Physical shield items come after energy shields, but only one shield will have any effect and the left-hand takes priority over the right-hand. Physical shields do not take damage and cannot be destroyed, but have 50% effectiveness from the sides, 25% from below, and 0% from the rear. They reduce power by their armor value (''shieldArmor'') modified by a resistance factor depending on damage type (''shieldResistCoeff''). Once again a resistance of zero means the shield is bypassed.

'' POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS = POWER THROUGH E-SHIELDS - shieldArmor * 100 / shieldResistCoeff x SIDE COEFFICIENT ''

Then armor pre-damage is applied to the side of the armor that was hit. Power is multiplied by a factor ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ToArmorPre'']]) and then randomized from 0-100% depending on a flag ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomArmorPre'']]). '''TBD: check if armor pre-damage comes before or after shields.'''

'' ARMOR PRE-DAMAGE = POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS x ToArmorPre x IF(RandomArmorPre, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''

Armor provides a final layer of protection. The remaining power is multiplied by a resistance factor depending on damage type ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Armor|''damageModifier'']]) and then reduced by the current armor value of the side that was hit ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Armor|''frontArmor'', ''sideArmor'', ''sideArmor + leftArmorDiff'', ''rearArmor'', ''underArmor'']]) modified by the weapons armor effectiveness ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ArmorEffectiveness'']]).

'' NET POWER = POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS x damageModifier - facingArmor x ArmorEffectiveness ''

Finally damage is applied independently to each of the target unit stats. Power is multiplied by a factor ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ToArmor, ToHealth, ToStun, ToTime, ToEnergy, ToMorale'']]) and then randomized from 0-100% depending on a flag ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomArmor, RandomHealth, RandomStun, RandomTime, RandomEnergy, RandomMorale'']]).

'' ARMOR DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToArmor x IF(RandomArmor, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''

== Area of effect ==

== Melee ==

Damage formula (OXCE)

2019-04-27T19:59:11Z

Surestrike:

OXCE and mod scripts have greatly expanded the capabilities of weapons, items and armor. So here is a detailed breakdown of what happens when a weapon hits an enemy. Variable names are taken from the Ruleset or applicable Script or otherwise are ALL-CAPS.

== Lethal ranged single target ==

The power of an attack is the sum of the base power ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Power_and_Damage_types|''power'']]) of the weapon, and the bonus power ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Power_and_Damage_types|''damageBonus'']]) which depends on the weapon and usually the user too. This sum is then randomized depending on the weapon ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomType'']]) but is usually in the range 0%-200%.

'' GROSS POWER = (power + damageBonus) x RNG(0%, 200%) ''

A shot can get weaker past a certain distance ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Waypoints.2C_Shotguns.2C_Range_Limits_and_Accuracy.2FPower_Dropoff|''powerRangeThreshold'']]) in which case damage is reduced by an amount ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Waypoints.2C_Shotguns.2C_Range_Limits_and_Accuracy.2FPower_Dropoff|''powerRangeReduction'']]) for every tile beyond that distance. The reduced can't be negative and won't heal the target. '''TBD: can there be negative range reduction, i.e. power increases with distance? Is range damage reduction applied before or after randomType? '''

'' RANGE REDUCED POWER = GROSS POWER - LIMIT_LOWER(0, RANGE - powerRangeThreshold) x powerRangeReduction ''

[Yankes Scripts] For each projectile that hits, energy shields are taken into account in the following sequence regardless of hit direction: left-hand energy shield item, right-hand energy shield item, armor energy shield. Each shield has a separate pool of hit points (''shieldHp'') that is reduced by the power they absorb modified by a resistance factor depending on damage type (''shieldResistCoeff''). Once all shields are depleted any power remaining keeps going. As usual a lower resistance coefficient is more effective, but a value of zero means the shield is bypassed undamaged.

'' POWER THROUGH E-SHIELDS = RANGE REDUCED POWER - shieldHp * 100 / shieldResistCoeff ''
'' E-SHIELD DAMAGE = RANGE REDUCED POWER x shieldResistCoeff / 100 ''

[Yankes Scripts] Physical shield items come after energy shields, but only one shield will have any effect and the left-hand takes priority over the right-hand. Physical shields do not take damage and cannot be destroyed, but have 50% effectiveness from the sides, 25% from below, and 0% from the rear. They reduce power by their armor value (''shieldArmor'') modified by a resistance factor depending on damage type (''shieldResistCoeff''). Once again a resistance of zero means the shield is bypassed.

'' POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS = POWER THROUGH E-SHIELDS - shieldArmor * 100 / shieldResistCoeff x SIDE COEFFICIENT ''

Then armor pre-damage is applied to the side of the armor that was hit. Power is multiplied by a factor ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ToArmorPre'']]) and then randomized from 0-100% depending on a flag ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomArmorPre'']]). '''TBD: check if armor pre-damage comes before or after shields.'''

'' ARMOR PRE-DAMAGE = POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS x ToArmorPre x IF(RandomArmorPre, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''

Armor provides a final layer of protection. The remaining power is multiplied by a resistance factor depending on damage type ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Armor|''damageModifier'']]) and then reduced by the current armor value of the side that was hit ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Armor|''frontArmor'', ''sideArmor'', ''sideArmor + leftArmorDiff'', ''rearArmor'', ''underArmor'']]) modified by the weapons armor effectiveness ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ArmorEffectiveness'']]).

'' NET POWER = POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS x damageModifier - facingArmor x ArmorEffectiveness ''

Finally damage is applied independently to each of the target unit stats. Power is multiplied by a factor ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ToArmor, ToHealth, ToStun, ToTime, ToEnergy, ToMorale'']]) and then randomized from 0-100% depending on a flag ([[Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomArmor, RandomHealth, RandomStun, RandomTime, RandomEnergy, RandomMorale'']]).

'' ARMOR DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToArmor x IF(RandomArmor, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''

== Area of effect ==

== Melee ==

Damage formula (OXCE)

2019-04-27T19:56:37Z

Surestrike:

OXCE and mod scripts have greatly expanded the capabilities of weapons, items and armor. So here is a detailed breakdown of what happens when a weapon hits an enemy. Variable names are taken from the Ruleset or applicable Script or otherwise are ALL-CAPS.

== Lethal ranged single target ==

The power of an attack is the sum of the base power [[https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Power_and_Damage_types|power]] of the weapon, and the bonus power ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Power_and_Damage_types|''damageBonus'']) which depends on the weapon and usually the user too. This sum is then randomized depending on the weapon ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomType'']) but is usually in the range 0%-200%.

'' GROSS POWER = (power + damageBonus) x RNG(0%, 200%) ''

A shot can get weaker past a certain distance ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Waypoints.2C_Shotguns.2C_Range_Limits_and_Accuracy.2FPower_Dropoff|''powerRangeThreshold'']) in which case damage is reduced by an amount ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Waypoints.2C_Shotguns.2C_Range_Limits_and_Accuracy.2FPower_Dropoff|''powerRangeReduction'']) for every tile beyond that distance. The reduced can't be negative and won't heal the target. '''TBD: can there be negative range reduction, i.e. power increases with distance? Is range damage reduction applied before or after randomType? '''

'' RANGE REDUCED POWER = GROSS POWER - LIMIT_LOWER(0, RANGE - powerRangeThreshold) x powerRangeReduction ''

[Yankes Scripts] For each projectile that hits, energy shields are taken into account in the following sequence regardless of hit direction: left-hand energy shield item, right-hand energy shield item, armor energy shield. Each shield has a separate pool of hit points (''shieldHp'') that is reduced by the power they absorb modified by a resistance factor depending on damage type (''shieldResistCoeff''). Once all shields are depleted any power remaining keeps going. As usual a lower resistance coefficient is more effective, but a value of zero means the shield is bypassed undamaged.

'' POWER THROUGH E-SHIELDS = RANGE REDUCED POWER - shieldHp * 100 / shieldResistCoeff ''
'' E-SHIELD DAMAGE = RANGE REDUCED POWER x shieldResistCoeff / 100 ''

[Yankes Scripts] Physical shield items come after energy shields, but only one shield will have any effect and the left-hand takes priority over the right-hand. Physical shields do not take damage and cannot be destroyed, but have 50% effectiveness from the sides, 25% from below, and 0% from the rear. They reduce power by their armor value (''shieldArmor'') modified by a resistance factor depending on damage type (''shieldResistCoeff''). Once again a resistance of zero means the shield is bypassed.

'' POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS = POWER THROUGH E-SHIELDS - shieldArmor * 100 / shieldResistCoeff x SIDE COEFFICIENT ''

Then armor pre-damage is applied to the side of the armor that was hit. Power is multiplied by a factor ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ToArmorPre'']) and then randomized from 0-100% depending on a flag ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomArmorPre'']). '''TBD: check if armor pre-damage comes before or after shields.'''

'' ARMOR PRE-DAMAGE = POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS x ToArmorPre x IF(RandomArmorPre, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''

Armor provides a final layer of protection. The remaining power is multiplied by a resistance factor depending on damage type ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Armor|''damageModifier'']) and then reduced by the current armor value of the side that was hit ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Armor|''frontArmor'', ''sideArmor'', ''sideArmor + leftArmorDiff'', ''rearArmor'', ''underArmor'']) modified by the weapons armor effectiveness ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ArmorEffectiveness'']).

'' NET POWER = POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS x damageModifier - facingArmor x ArmorEffectiveness ''

Finally damage is applied independently to each of the target unit stats. Power is multiplied by a factor ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ToArmor, ToHealth, ToStun, ToTime, ToEnergy, ToMorale'']) and then randomized from 0-100% depending on a flag ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomArmor, RandomHealth, RandomStun, RandomTime, RandomEnergy, RandomMorale'']).

'' ARMOR DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToArmor x IF(RandomArmor, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''

== Area of effect ==

== Melee ==

Damage formula (OXCE)

2019-04-27T19:56:18Z

Surestrike: /* Lethal ranged single target */

OXCE and mod scripts have greatly expanded the capabilities of weapons, items and armor. So here is a detailed breakdown of what happens when a weapon hits an enemy. Variable names are taken from the Ruleset or applicable Script or otherwise are ALL-CAPS.

== Lethal ranged single target ==

The power of an attack is the sum of the base power ([[https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Power_and_Damage_types|power]]) of the weapon, and the bonus power ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Power_and_Damage_types|''damageBonus'']) which depends on the weapon and usually the user too. This sum is then randomized depending on the weapon ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomType'']) but is usually in the range 0%-200%.

'' GROSS POWER = (power + damageBonus) x RNG(0%, 200%) ''

A shot can get weaker past a certain distance ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Waypoints.2C_Shotguns.2C_Range_Limits_and_Accuracy.2FPower_Dropoff|''powerRangeThreshold'']) in which case damage is reduced by an amount ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Waypoints.2C_Shotguns.2C_Range_Limits_and_Accuracy.2FPower_Dropoff|''powerRangeReduction'']) for every tile beyond that distance. The reduced can't be negative and won't heal the target. '''TBD: can there be negative range reduction, i.e. power increases with distance? Is range damage reduction applied before or after randomType? '''

'' RANGE REDUCED POWER = GROSS POWER - LIMIT_LOWER(0, RANGE - powerRangeThreshold) x powerRangeReduction ''

[Yankes Scripts] For each projectile that hits, energy shields are taken into account in the following sequence regardless of hit direction: left-hand energy shield item, right-hand energy shield item, armor energy shield. Each shield has a separate pool of hit points (''shieldHp'') that is reduced by the power they absorb modified by a resistance factor depending on damage type (''shieldResistCoeff''). Once all shields are depleted any power remaining keeps going. As usual a lower resistance coefficient is more effective, but a value of zero means the shield is bypassed undamaged.

'' POWER THROUGH E-SHIELDS = RANGE REDUCED POWER - shieldHp * 100 / shieldResistCoeff ''
'' E-SHIELD DAMAGE = RANGE REDUCED POWER x shieldResistCoeff / 100 ''

[Yankes Scripts] Physical shield items come after energy shields, but only one shield will have any effect and the left-hand takes priority over the right-hand. Physical shields do not take damage and cannot be destroyed, but have 50% effectiveness from the sides, 25% from below, and 0% from the rear. They reduce power by their armor value (''shieldArmor'') modified by a resistance factor depending on damage type (''shieldResistCoeff''). Once again a resistance of zero means the shield is bypassed.

'' POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS = POWER THROUGH E-SHIELDS - shieldArmor * 100 / shieldResistCoeff x SIDE COEFFICIENT ''

Then armor pre-damage is applied to the side of the armor that was hit. Power is multiplied by a factor ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ToArmorPre'']) and then randomized from 0-100% depending on a flag ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomArmorPre'']). '''TBD: check if armor pre-damage comes before or after shields.'''

'' ARMOR PRE-DAMAGE = POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS x ToArmorPre x IF(RandomArmorPre, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''

Armor provides a final layer of protection. The remaining power is multiplied by a resistance factor depending on damage type ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Armor|''damageModifier'']) and then reduced by the current armor value of the side that was hit ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Armor|''frontArmor'', ''sideArmor'', ''sideArmor + leftArmorDiff'', ''rearArmor'', ''underArmor'']) modified by the weapons armor effectiveness ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ArmorEffectiveness'']).

'' NET POWER = POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS x damageModifier - facingArmor x ArmorEffectiveness ''

Finally damage is applied independently to each of the target unit stats. Power is multiplied by a factor ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ToArmor, ToHealth, ToStun, ToTime, ToEnergy, ToMorale'']) and then randomized from 0-100% depending on a flag ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomArmor, RandomHealth, RandomStun, RandomTime, RandomEnergy, RandomMorale'']).

'' ARMOR DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToArmor x IF(RandomArmor, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''

== Area of effect ==

== Melee ==

Damage formula (OXCE)

2019-04-27T19:55:08Z

Surestrike:

OXCE and mod scripts have greatly expanded the capabilities of weapons, items and armor. So here is a detailed breakdown of what happens when a weapon hits an enemy. Variable names are taken from the Ruleset or applicable Script or otherwise are ALL-CAPS.

== Lethal ranged single target ==

The power of an attack is the sum of the base power (''[[https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Power_and_Damage_types|power]]'') of the weapon, and the bonus power ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Power_and_Damage_types|''damageBonus'']) which depends on the weapon and usually the user too. This sum is then randomized depending on the weapon ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomType'']) but is usually in the range 0%-200%.

'' GROSS POWER = (power + damageBonus) x RNG(0%, 200%) ''

A shot can get weaker past a certain distance ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Waypoints.2C_Shotguns.2C_Range_Limits_and_Accuracy.2FPower_Dropoff|''powerRangeThreshold'']) in which case damage is reduced by an amount ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Waypoints.2C_Shotguns.2C_Range_Limits_and_Accuracy.2FPower_Dropoff|''powerRangeReduction'']) for every tile beyond that distance. The reduced can't be negative and won't heal the target. '''TBD: can there be negative range reduction, i.e. power increases with distance? Is range damage reduction applied before or after randomType? '''

'' RANGE REDUCED POWER = GROSS POWER - LIMIT_LOWER(0, RANGE - powerRangeThreshold) x powerRangeReduction ''

[Yankes Scripts] For each projectile that hits, energy shields are taken into account in the following sequence regardless of hit direction: left-hand energy shield item, right-hand energy shield item, armor energy shield. Each shield has a separate pool of hit points (''shieldHp'') that is reduced by the power they absorb modified by a resistance factor depending on damage type (''shieldResistCoeff''). Once all shields are depleted any power remaining keeps going. As usual a lower resistance coefficient is more effective, but a value of zero means the shield is bypassed undamaged.

'' POWER THROUGH E-SHIELDS = RANGE REDUCED POWER - shieldHp * 100 / shieldResistCoeff ''
'' E-SHIELD DAMAGE = RANGE REDUCED POWER x shieldResistCoeff / 100 ''

[Yankes Scripts] Physical shield items come after energy shields, but only one shield will have any effect and the left-hand takes priority over the right-hand. Physical shields do not take damage and cannot be destroyed, but have 50% effectiveness from the sides, 25% from below, and 0% from the rear. They reduce power by their armor value (''shieldArmor'') modified by a resistance factor depending on damage type (''shieldResistCoeff''). Once again a resistance of zero means the shield is bypassed.

'' POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS = POWER THROUGH E-SHIELDS - shieldArmor * 100 / shieldResistCoeff x SIDE COEFFICIENT ''

Then armor pre-damage is applied to the side of the armor that was hit. Power is multiplied by a factor ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ToArmorPre'']) and then randomized from 0-100% depending on a flag ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomArmorPre'']). '''TBD: check if armor pre-damage comes before or after shields.'''

'' ARMOR PRE-DAMAGE = POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS x ToArmorPre x IF(RandomArmorPre, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''

Armor provides a final layer of protection. The remaining power is multiplied by a resistance factor depending on damage type ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Armor|''damageModifier'']) and then reduced by the current armor value of the side that was hit ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Armor|''frontArmor'', ''sideArmor'', ''sideArmor + leftArmorDiff'', ''rearArmor'', ''underArmor'']) modified by the weapons armor effectiveness ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ArmorEffectiveness'']).

'' NET POWER = POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS x damageModifier - facingArmor x ArmorEffectiveness ''

Finally damage is applied independently to each of the target unit stats. Power is multiplied by a factor ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ToArmor, ToHealth, ToStun, ToTime, ToEnergy, ToMorale'']) and then randomized from 0-100% depending on a flag ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomArmor, RandomHealth, RandomStun, RandomTime, RandomEnergy, RandomMorale'']).

'' ARMOR DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToArmor x IF(RandomArmor, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''

== Area of effect ==

== Melee ==

Damage formula (OXCE)

2019-04-27T19:53:24Z

Surestrike:

OXCE and mod scripts have greatly expanded the capabilities of weapons, items and armor. So here is a detailed breakdown of what happens when a weapon hits an enemy. Variable names are taken from the Ruleset or applicable Script or otherwise are ALL-CAPS.

== Lethal ranged single target ==

The power of an attack is the sum of the base power ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Power_and_Damage_types|''power'']) of the weapon, and the bonus power ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Power_and_Damage_types|''damageBonus'']) which depends on the weapon and usually the user too. This sum is then randomized depending on the weapon ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomType'']) but is usually in the range 0%-200%.

'' GROSS POWER = (power + damageBonus) x RNG(0%, 200%) ''

A shot can get weaker past a certain distance ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Waypoints.2C_Shotguns.2C_Range_Limits_and_Accuracy.2FPower_Dropoff|''powerRangeThreshold'']) in which case damage is reduced by an amount ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Waypoints.2C_Shotguns.2C_Range_Limits_and_Accuracy.2FPower_Dropoff|''powerRangeReduction'']) for every tile beyond that distance. The reduced can't be negative and won't heal the target. '''TBD: can there be negative range reduction, i.e. power increases with distance? Is range damage reduction applied before or after randomType? '''

'' RANGE REDUCED POWER = GROSS POWER - LIMIT_LOWER(0, RANGE - powerRangeThreshold) x powerRangeReduction ''

[Yankes Scripts] For each projectile that hits, energy shields are taken into account in the following sequence regardless of hit direction: left-hand energy shield item, right-hand energy shield item, armor energy shield. Each shield has a separate pool of hit points (''shieldHp'') that is reduced by the power they absorb modified by a resistance factor depending on damage type (''shieldResistCoeff''). Once all shields are depleted any power remaining keeps going. As usual a lower resistance coefficient is more effective, but a value of zero means the shield is bypassed undamaged.

'' POWER THROUGH E-SHIELDS = RANGE REDUCED POWER - shieldHp * 100 / shieldResistCoeff ''
'' E-SHIELD DAMAGE = RANGE REDUCED POWER x shieldResistCoeff / 100 ''

[Yankes Scripts] Physical shield items come after energy shields, but only one shield will have any effect and the left-hand takes priority over the right-hand. Physical shields do not take damage and cannot be destroyed, but have 50% effectiveness from the sides, 25% from below, and 0% from the rear. They reduce power by their armor value (''shieldArmor'') modified by a resistance factor depending on damage type (''shieldResistCoeff''). Once again a resistance of zero means the shield is bypassed.

'' POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS = POWER THROUGH E-SHIELDS - shieldArmor * 100 / shieldResistCoeff x SIDE COEFFICIENT ''

Then armor pre-damage is applied to the side of the armor that was hit. Power is multiplied by a factor ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ToArmorPre'']) and then randomized from 0-100% depending on a flag ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomArmorPre'']). '''TBD: check if armor pre-damage comes before or after shields.'''

'' ARMOR PRE-DAMAGE = POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS x ToArmorPre x IF(RandomArmorPre, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''

Armor provides a final layer of protection. The remaining power is multiplied by a resistance factor depending on damage type ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Armor|''damageModifier'']) and then reduced by the current armor value of the side that was hit ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Armor|''frontArmor'', ''sideArmor'', ''sideArmor + leftArmorDiff'', ''rearArmor'', ''underArmor'']) modified by the weapons armor effectiveness ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ArmorEffectiveness'']).

'' NET POWER = POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS x damageModifier - facingArmor x ArmorEffectiveness ''

Finally damage is applied independently to each of the target unit stats. Power is multiplied by a factor ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ToArmor, ToHealth, ToStun, ToTime, ToEnergy, ToMorale'']) and then randomized from 0-100% depending on a flag ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomArmor, RandomHealth, RandomStun, RandomTime, RandomEnergy, RandomMorale'']).

'' ARMOR DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToArmor x IF(RandomArmor, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''

== Area of effect ==

== Melee ==

Damage formula (OXCE)

2019-04-27T19:52:38Z

Surestrike: Created page with "OXCE and mod scripts have greatly expanded the capabilities of weapons, items and armor. So here is a detailed breakdown of what happens when a weapon hits an enemy. Variable..."

OXCE and mod scripts have greatly expanded the capabilities of weapons, items and armor. So here is a detailed breakdown of what happens when a weapon hits an enemy. Variable names are taken from the Ruleset or applicable Script and are all caps otherwise.

== Lethal ranged single target ==

The power of an attack is the sum of the base power ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Power_and_Damage_types|''power'']) of the weapon, and the bonus power ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Power_and_Damage_types|''damageBonus'']) which depends on the weapon and usually the user too. This sum is then randomized depending on the weapon ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomType'']) but is usually in the range 0%-200%.

'' GROSS POWER = (power + damageBonus) x RNG(0%, 200%) ''

A shot can get weaker past a certain distance ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Waypoints.2C_Shotguns.2C_Range_Limits_and_Accuracy.2FPower_Dropoff|''powerRangeThreshold'']) in which case damage is reduced by an amount ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Waypoints.2C_Shotguns.2C_Range_Limits_and_Accuracy.2FPower_Dropoff|''powerRangeReduction'']) for every tile beyond that distance. The reduced can't be negative and won't heal the target. '''TBD: can there be negative range reduction, i.e. power increases with distance? Is range damage reduction applied before or after randomType? '''

'' RANGE REDUCED POWER = GROSS POWER - LIMIT_LOWER(0, RANGE - powerRangeThreshold) x powerRangeReduction ''

[Yankes Scripts] For each projectile that hits, energy shields are taken into account in the following sequence regardless of hit direction: left-hand energy shield item, right-hand energy shield item, armor energy shield. Each shield has a separate pool of hit points (''shieldHp'') that is reduced by the power they absorb modified by a resistance factor depending on damage type (''shieldResistCoeff''). Once all shields are depleted any power remaining keeps going. As usual a lower resistance coefficient is more effective, but a value of zero means the shield is bypassed undamaged.

'' POWER THROUGH E-SHIELDS = RANGE REDUCED POWER - shieldHp * 100 / shieldResistCoeff ''
'' E-SHIELD DAMAGE = RANGE REDUCED POWER x shieldResistCoeff / 100 ''

[Yankes Scripts] Physical shield items come after energy shields, but only one shield will have any effect and the left-hand takes priority over the right-hand. Physical shields do not take damage and cannot be destroyed, but have 50% effectiveness from the sides, 25% from below, and 0% from the rear. They reduce power by their armor value (''shieldArmor'') modified by a resistance factor depending on damage type (''shieldResistCoeff''). Once again a resistance of zero means the shield is bypassed.

'' POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS = POWER THROUGH E-SHIELDS - shieldArmor * 100 / shieldResistCoeff x SIDE COEFFICIENT ''

Then armor pre-damage is applied to the side of the armor that was hit. Power is multiplied by a factor ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ToArmorPre'']) and then randomized from 0-100% depending on a flag ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomArmorPre'']). '''TBD: check if armor pre-damage comes before or after shields.'''

'' ARMOR PRE-DAMAGE = POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS x ToArmorPre x IF(RandomArmorPre, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''

Armor provides a final layer of protection. The remaining power is multiplied by a resistance factor depending on damage type ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Armor|''damageModifier'']) and then reduced by the current armor value of the side that was hit ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Armor|''frontArmor'', ''sideArmor'', ''sideArmor + leftArmorDiff'', ''rearArmor'', ''underArmor'']) modified by the weapons armor effectiveness ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ArmorEffectiveness'']).

'' NET POWER = POWER THROUGH P-SHIELDS x damageModifier - facingArmor x ArmorEffectiveness ''

Finally damage is applied independently to each of the target unit stats. Power is multiplied by a factor ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''ToArmor, ToHealth, ToStun, ToTime, ToEnergy, ToMorale'']) and then randomized from 0-100% depending on a flag ([https://www.ufopaedia.org/index.php/Ruleset_Reference_Nightly_(OpenXcom)#Item_Damage_Types|''RandomArmor, RandomHealth, RandomStun, RandomTime, RandomEnergy, RandomMorale'']).

'' ARMOR DAMAGE = NET POWER x ToArmor x IF(RandomArmor, RNG(0%, 100%)) ''

== Area of effect ==

== Melee ==